Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Part I: Carbonyl Molecules as Reactants
1 Carbon Monoxide
1.1 Hydroformylation of Alkenes and Alkynes
1.2 Hydroxy-, Alkoxy-, and Aminocarbonylation of Alkenes and Alkynes
1.3 The Pauson–Khand Reaction
1.4 Synthesis of Acetic Acid
1.5 Carbonylation of C–X Bonds
1.6 Carbonylation of Epoxides
1.7 Carbonylation of Aldehydes
1.8 Oxidative Carbonylation Reaction
1.9 Other Reactions
2 Carbon Dioxide
2.1 Synthesis of Urea Derivatives
2.2 Synthesis of Carbamate Derivatives
2.3 Synthesis of Carboxyl Acid Derivatives
2.4 Cycloaddition of Epoxide with CO2
2.5 Reaction of Polyalcohols/Olefins with CO2
2.6 Formylation of Amines with CO2
2.7 Reactions of Propargyl Alcohols/Propargyl Amines with CO2
2.8 Other Reactions
3 Other C
1
Carbonyl Molecules
3.1 Formaldehyde (HCHO)
3.2 Formic Acid (HCOOH)
4 CO Surrogates
4.1 Carbonyl Metal
4.2 Formates
4.3 Formamides
4.4 Formic Anhydride
4.5 Silacarboxylic Acid
4.6 N‐Formylsaccharin
4.7 Acyl Chloride
4.8 In Situ Generated Carbonyl Source
Part I: References
Part II: Carbonyl Compounds as Catalysts
5 Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions with –CO
2
H
5.1 Carboxylic Acid Molecules Catalyzed Reactions
5.2 Carbon Material–Catalyzed Reactions
6 Reactions via Carbonyl and Hydroxyl Groups Recycling
6.1 Carbon‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation Reactions
6.2 Polymer‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation Reactions
6.3 Aldehyde/Ketone‐Catalyzed Borrowing‐Hydrogen Reactions
6.4 Carbon‐Catalyzed Borrowing‐Hydrogen Reactions
Part II: References
Part III: The Synthetic Applications of Carbonyl Compounds
7 Synthesis of Functional Molecules
7.1 Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds
7.2 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
7.3 Addition Elimination Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
7.4 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
7.5 Wittig Reaction
7.6 Reductive Amination Reaction
7.7 Hydroboration/Hydrophosphonylation/Hydrosilylation/Hydroacylation of Aldehydes and Ketones
7.8 Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aldehydes
7.9 Reductive Coupling Reactions of Aldehydes
7.10 Reaction of Acids as Starting Materials
7.11 Reaction of Esters as Starting Materials
7.12 Reaction of Amides as Starting Materials
8 Synthesis of Functional Materials
8.1 Polyamides
8.2 Phenol Formaldehyde Resins
8.3 Polyurethanes
8.4 Polyesters
Part III: References
9 Conclusion and Perspectives
9.1 Conclusion
9.2 Perspectives
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Activity of metals in hydroformylation.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Melting point: straight‐chain aliphatic AB polyamides.
Table 8.2 Structure, aramid type, brand names, and company of commercial aram...
Table 8.3 Melting behavior of isophthalic‐based polyphthalamides.
Table 8.4 The differences between resoles and novolac phenolic resins.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Scheme 1.1 Example of hydroformylation.
Scheme 1.2 Mechanism of metal‐catalyzed hydroformylation.
Scheme 1.3 Ligand modification of the catalyst‐catalyzed hydroformylation of...
Scheme 1.4 Zeolite‐catalyzed hydroformylation of propylene.
Scheme 1.5 Rh/PPA(Na
+
)/DPPEA‐catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
Scheme 1.6 Hydroformylation of 1‐octene using SAPC.
Scheme 1.7 Hydroformylation of olefins using HRh(CO)(PPh
3
)
3
‐encapsulated cat...
Scheme 1.8 Rh black‐catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
Scheme 1.9 Hydroformylation of alkynes.
Scheme 1.10 Au/Co
3
O
4
‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐olefins.
Scheme 1.11 Asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl acetate.
Scheme 1.12 Hydroformylation of vinyl esters.
Scheme 1.13 Rh/POL–PPh
3
‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐octene.
Scheme 1.14 Rh/POL–dppe‐catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
Scheme 1.15 Rh/CPOL–BP&P‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐butene.
Scheme 1.16 PPh
3
–Rh/GO‐catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
Scheme 1.17 Rh/POLBINAPa&PPh
3
‐catalyzed hydroformylation of alkynes.
Scheme 1.18 Rh
1
/ZnO‐catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
Scheme 1.19 Rh
1
/CoO‐catalyzed hydroformylation of propene.
Scheme 1.20 Catalytic cycle of the Pd–H‐catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of al...
Scheme 1.21 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of alkenes.
Scheme 1.22 The hydrocarboxylation of olefins in the aqueous phase.
Scheme 1.23 Hydroxycabonylation of olefins.
Scheme 1.24 Hydroxycarbonylation of alkynes.
Scheme 1.25 Incorporation of two CO building blocks into alkynes under water...
Scheme 1.26 Pd catalyst for the hydroxycarbonylation of terminal alkynes....
Scheme 1.27 An example of methoxycarbonylation of a cyclic alkene leading to...
Scheme 1.28 Intramolecular alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes.
Scheme 1.29 Methoxycarbonylation of various alkenes.
Scheme 1.30 Alkoxycarbonylation of alkynes.
Scheme 1.31 Double carbonylation of various butynols or propynols.
Scheme 1.32 Cyclocarbonylation of an alkynol in the presence of thiols.
Scheme 1.33 Methoxycarbonylation of phenylacetylene.
Scheme 1.34 Intramolecular aminocarbonylation of alkenyl amine derivatives p...
Scheme 1.35 Pd(acac)
2
catalyzed aminocarbonylation of alkenes with amines....
Scheme 1.36 PdCl
2
catalyzed aminocarbonylation of alkenes with amines.
Scheme 1.37 Pd(O
2
CCF
3
)
2
catalyzed aminocarbonylation of alkenes with amines....
Scheme 1.38 Pd(TFA)
2
catalyzed aminocarbonylation of alkenes with amines....
Scheme 1.39 Bulk Pd catalyzed aminocarbonylation of alkenes with amines.
Scheme 1.40 Palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of alkynes in the IL.
Scheme 1.41 Palladium(II)‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of phenylacetylene us...
Scheme 1.42 Iron‐catalyzed mono carbonylation of phenylacetylene.
Scheme 1.43 ZrF
4
as co‐catalyst promoted iron‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation....
Scheme 1.44 Conversion of norbornene with the phenylacetylene–hexacarbonyldi...
Scheme 1.45 Use of Co(acac)
2
/NaBH
4
.
Scheme 1.46 Catalytic conversion under atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxi...
Scheme 1.47 Phosphane sulfides promoted the Co
2
(CO)
8
‐catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 1.48 2‐Pyridyldimethylsilyl group tethered to the alkene part.
Scheme 1.49 Chiral brucine N‐oxide in the intermolecular PKR of propargylic ...
Scheme 1.50 Application of (
E
)‐cyclooctene in the PKR.
Scheme 1.51 Trinuclear cobalt–WalPHOS‐catalyzed coupling of phenylacetylene ...
Scheme 1.52 Pauson–Khand transfer carbonylation reactions.
Scheme 1.53 Pauson–Khand transfer carbonylation reactions.
Scheme 1.54 Process of catalytic carbonylation of methanol for the synthesis...
Scheme 1.55 Rhodium‐catalyzed carbonylation of methanol.
Scheme 1.56 Catalytic cycle of the rhodium‐catalyzed methanol carbonylation ...
Scheme 1.57 Catalytic cycle of the iridium‐catalyzed methanol carbonylation ...
Scheme 1.58 Transition metal‐catalyzed carbonylation reactions of C–X bonds....
Scheme 1.59 Hydroxycarbonylation of aryl halides in water.
Scheme 1.60 Palladium‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of aryl bromides.
Scheme 1.61 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of phenols.
Scheme 1.62 Palladium‐catalyzed polycondensations.
Scheme 1.63 Palladium‐catalyzed double carbonylation of aryl iodides.
Scheme 1.64 Palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation with amides.
Scheme 1.65 Procedures for carbonylative synthesis of primary amides.
Scheme 1.66 Mo(CO)
6
‐mediated carbonylation of aryl iodides.
Scheme 1.67 Reductive carbonylation.
Scheme 1.68 Palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl halides.
Scheme 1.69 “Si”–Pd‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl halides.
Scheme 1.70 Palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl chlorides.
Scheme 1.71 Pd(OAc)
2
‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation.
Scheme 1.72 Palladium phosphinite‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of ArBr....
Scheme 1.73 Reductive carbonylation of 4‐bromoanisole.
Scheme 1.74 The first Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of organoboranes....
Scheme 1.75 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides with ...
Scheme 1.76 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of 2‐iodoselenophenes.
Scheme 1.77 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of steroidal ketones.
Scheme 1.78 Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki carbonylation of halopyridines.
Scheme 1.79 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki reaction of aryl bromides.
Scheme 1.80 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of chloroarene–Cr(CO)
3
compl...
Scheme 1.81 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl boronic acids...
Scheme 1.82 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of ArI and NaN
3
.
Scheme 1.83 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of organoboranes with...
Scheme 1.84 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of an amino acid‐derived org...
Scheme 1.85 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Negishi reaction of 2,6‐disubstituted...
Scheme 1.86 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Hiyama coupling of aryl iodides.
Scheme 1.87 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of acyl silanes.
Scheme 1.88 Palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction.
Scheme 1.89 First Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of organic...
Scheme 1.90 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of benzyl acetylenes to fuanones.
Scheme 1.91 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of vinyl triflat...
Scheme 1.92 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of iodinium iodi...
Scheme 1.93 Carbonylative room‐temperature Sonogashira reaction in aqueous a...
Scheme 1.94 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of ethynyl ferro...
Scheme 1.95 Pd/C‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira reaction of aryl iodide...
Scheme 1.96 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides...
Scheme 1.97 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling with activated methylene com...
Scheme 1.98 Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular carbonylative C–H activations.
Scheme 1.99 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of fluorenones.
Scheme 1.100 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling reactions of aryl iodides w...
Scheme 1.101 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of ArI with heteroarenes.
Scheme 1.102 The first examples of palladium‐mediated intramolecular carbony...
Scheme 1.103 First palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular carbonylative Heck rea...
Scheme 1.104 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative Heck reaction to quinolinones...
Scheme 1.105 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative cross‐coupling of ArI with cy...
Scheme 1.106 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative Heck reaction of ArOTf with s...
Scheme 1.107 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative Heck reaction of aryl halides...
Scheme 1.108 Catalytic ring‐expansion carbonylation.
Scheme 1.109 Regioselective carbonylation of epoxides.
Scheme 1.110 Co
2
(CO)
8
‐catalyzed ring‐expansion carbonylation.
Scheme 1.111 Production of 2(5
H
)‐furanone.
Scheme 1.112 L*CrCl–Co
2
(CO)
8
‐catalyzed asymmetric ring‐expansion carbonylati...
Scheme 1.113 Cobalt‐catalyzed hydroformylation of epoxides.
Scheme 1.114 Rhodium‐catalyzed silylformylation of epoxides.
Scheme 1.115 Copolymerization of epoxides with CO.
Scheme 1.116 Copolymerized propylene oxide or 1,2‐epoxybutane with CO.
Scheme 1.117 Methoxycarbonylation of epoxides.
Scheme 1.118 Ethoxycarbonylation of terminal epoxides.
Scheme 1.119 Cobalt‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of epoxides.
Scheme 1.120 Amidocarbonylation of aldehydes.
Scheme 1.121 Acid cocatalyst obviates the need for H
2
.
Scheme 1.122 Domino isomerization–amidocarbonylation of allylic alcohols....
Scheme 1.123 Palladium‐catalyzed amidocarbonylation of isovaleraldehyde.
Scheme 1.124 Palladium‐catalyzed ureidocarbonylation.
Scheme 1.125 Palladium‐catalyzed amidocarbonylation of benzaldehydes.
Scheme 1.126 Hydroformylation of formaldehyde.
Scheme 1.127 Titanium‐mediated hetero Pauson–Khand reaction.
Scheme 1.128 Ruthenium‐catalyzed hetero Pauson–Khand reactions with alkynes ...
Scheme 1.129 Acyllithium addition to aldehydes.
Scheme 1.130 Acylzirconocene addition to aldehydes.
Scheme 1.131 Cyclocarbonylation to furanones.
Scheme 1.132 Acid‐mediated conjugate carbonylation.
Scheme 1.133 Palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of methyl cinnamate.
Scheme 1.134 Pd/C‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkenes.
Scheme 1.135 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of olefins. Tf = tr...
Scheme 1.136 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of olefins using tr...
Scheme 1.137 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkenes to branc...
Scheme 1.138 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkenylureas. PG...
Scheme 1.139 Palladium‐mediated oxidative carbonylation of alkynes.
Scheme 1.140 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of acetylenes to ac...
Scheme 1.141 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of acetylenes to ch...
Scheme 1.142 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of propargylic acet...
Scheme 1.143 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkynes to β‐lac...
Scheme 1.144 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkynes to furan...
Scheme 1.145 Palladium/BQ‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkynes. CSA ...
Scheme 1.146 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative aminocarbonylation of alk‐1‐ynes....
Scheme 1.147 Pd/C‐catalyzed oxidative aminocarbonylation of alk‐1‐ynes.
Scheme 1.148 Palladium–NHC‐catalyzed oxidative aminocarbonylation of alkynes...
Scheme 1.149 Palladium‐promoted carbonylation of organomercuries.
Scheme 1.150 Palladium‐promoted carbonylation of organosilanes.
Scheme 1.151 Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of organoindiums. DPPF = 1,1′...
Scheme 1.152 Stoichiometric CoBr
2
‐mediated oxidative carbonylation of organo...
Scheme 1.153 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of organozinc reage...
Scheme 1.154 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of organolead reage...
Scheme 1.155 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of alkenylboranes....
Scheme 1.156 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of arylboronates us...
Scheme 1.157 Stoichiometric amounts of Pd(OAc)
2
for mediation of the oxidati...
Scheme 1.158 Pd(OAc)
2
/TFA‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of simple arenes...
Scheme 1.159 Palladium‐catalyzed cyclization/alkoxycarbonylation of alkenyl ...
Scheme 1.160 Pd(OAc)
2
‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of benzoic and pheny...
Scheme 1.161 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of aniline derivati...
Scheme 1.162 Gold(I) complex‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of amines....
Scheme 1.163 Rh–DMImBF
4
/silica gel‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of amin...
Scheme 1.164 One example of palladium–carbene‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylat...
Scheme 1.165 Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of 2‐amino‐alcohols...
Scheme 1.166 One example of Pd/TiO
2
‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of ami...
Scheme 1.167 Replacement of the diazo group in diazoalkanes by carbon monoxi...
Scheme 1.168 Synthesis of 1,3‐di‐1‐adamantylimidazol‐2‐carbonyl.
Scheme 1.169 Reactions of amino‐substituted acyclic carbenes and a cyclic ca...
Scheme 1.170 Heterobinuclear complexes with
m
‐methylene ligands.
Scheme 1.171 Preparation of Ph
3
Si(EtO)C=C=O.
Scheme 1.172 Interconversion of methylene and ketene ligands.
Scheme 1.173 Carbonylation of the rhodium diphenylcarbene complexes.
Scheme 1.174 Synthesis of the η
2
‐(C,C)‐ketene complex of platinum.
Scheme 1.175 Co
2
(CO)
8
‐catalyzed carbonylation of ethyl diazoacetate.
Scheme 1.176 Pd(PPh
3
)
4
‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl iodides with EDA.
Scheme 1.177 Pd
2
(dba)
3
‐catalyzed carbonylation of diazo compounds.
Scheme 1.178 [Co
II
(Por)]‐catalyzed β‐ketoester synthesis.
Scheme 1.179 Carbonylation of nitro compounds.
Scheme 1.180 Reaction mechanism for Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of RNO
2
.
Scheme 1.181 Selenium‐catalyzed amide synthesis.
Chapter 2
Scheme 2.1 Reactions of amines and CO
2
to form ureas and derivatives.
Scheme 2.2 Production of urea.
Scheme 2.3 Preparation of ureas in the presence of diphenyl and triaryl phos...
Scheme 2.4 Carbonylation of amines by Ph
3
SbO/P
4
S
10
system.
Scheme 2.5 Preparation of dialkylureas by PdCl
2
(MeCN)
2
/PPh
3
.
Scheme 2.6 CsOH/ionic liquid catalyst system for the synthesis of ureas.
Scheme 2.7 Formation of carbamic acid and ammonium carbamate between amines ...
Scheme 2.8 Synthesis of enol carbamates catalyzed by
trans
‐[RuCl
2
{P(OC
2
H
5
)
3
}
Scheme 2.9 Urethane synthesis with an organic halide.
Scheme 2.10 Urethane production catalyzed by onium salts.
Scheme 2.11 Urethane synthesis with [Sn] or [Ni] catalyst.
Scheme 2.12 Reactions of diamines or amino alcohols with CO
2
in methanol....
Scheme 2.13 Urethane synthesis from alkene.
Scheme 2.14 Oxazolidinone from aminoalcohol.
Scheme 2.15 Reactions of aziridines and CO
2
to form oxazolidinones.
Scheme 2.16 Oxazolidinone synthesis.
Scheme 2.17 Polyurethane from CO
2
.
Scheme 2.18 The coupling of CO
2
and aziridines with (Salen) chromium(III)/DM...
Scheme 2.19 Oxazolidinone from propargyl alcohol.
Scheme 2.20 Polyaddition of in situ generated BisAC and diamine and direct c...
Scheme 2.21 Quinazoline synthesis from CO
2
.
Scheme 2.22 Carboxylic acid from organometallic.
Scheme 2.23 CO
2
insertion into a tin–carbon bond.
Scheme 2.24 CO
2
insertion into a boron–carbon bond.
Scheme 2.25 Acrylic acid from CO
2
.
Scheme 2.26 Acrylic acid from CO
2
by metal complexation.
Scheme 2.27 Acrylic acid derivative from acetylene.
Scheme 2.28 Acrylic acid derivative from acetylene by Ti–complexes.
Scheme 2.29 Acrylic acid derivative from acetylene by Ni(COD)
2
and ligand....
Scheme 2.30 Acrylic acid derivative from 1,3‐butadiene.
Scheme 2.31 Acrylic acid derivative from allene.
Scheme 2.32 Acrylic acid derivative from acetylene by Ni(COD)
2
and DBU.
Scheme 2.33 Asymmetric cyclization–carboxylation with CO
2
.
Scheme 2.34 Dicarboxylation of allene with CO
2
.
Scheme 2.35 Kolbe–Schmidt reaction.
Scheme 2.36 Carboxylic acid formation by C–H bond activation.
Scheme 2.37 Carboxylic acid formation by C–H bond activation from CH
4
.
Scheme 2.38 Carboxylic acid formation by C–H bond activation.
Scheme 2.39 Carboxylation with CO
2
.
Scheme 2.40 Carboxylic with organic halide.
Scheme 2.41 Reactions of terminal alkynes and CO
2
to form alkynyl carboxylic...
Scheme 2.42 Cycloaddition of epoxides with CO
2
to form cyclic carbonates.
Scheme 2.43 Synthesis of a cyclic carbonate from an oxirane.
Scheme 2.44 Copolymerization of epoxides and CO
2
.
Scheme 2.45 Alternating polymerization of oxirane and CO
2
.
Scheme 2.46 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins.
Scheme 2.47 Synthesis of a cyclic carbonates from diols.
Scheme 2.48 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from cyclic ketal.
Scheme 2.49 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from propargyl carbonates.
Scheme 2.50 DMC synthesis with dimethyl ketal.
Scheme 2.51 Dimethylcarbonate from methanol and CO
2
.
Scheme 2.52 Copolymerization of vinyl ether with CO
2
.
Scheme 2.53 Three‐component polymerization.
Scheme 2.54 Lactone from diacetylene.
Scheme 2.55 O
2
activation by a metal complex.
Scheme 2.56 Palladium‐catalyzed C–C cross‐coupling with CO
2
.
Scheme 2.57 Proposed structures for silica‐supported species.
Scheme 2.58 Synthetic process of
o
‐hydroxy azo‐hierarchical porous organic p...
Scheme 2.59 Schematic presentation of synthesis of [PS‐Zn(II)L] catalyst....
Scheme 2.60 Synthetic routes of monomeric ClAlPc catalyst supported on MCM‐4...
Scheme 2.61 The preparation of Cr–salen/SiO
2
.
Scheme 2.62 Synthesis of Co–CMP.
Scheme 2.63 Synthesis of POP–TPP and M/POP–TPP.
Scheme 2.64 The synthetic pathway to synthesize the network structure.
Scheme 2.65 Preparation of the immobilized ionic liquid via sol–gel method....
Scheme 2.66 Modification of chitosan with AGE and GTA followed by thiol–ene ...
Scheme 2.67 Synthesis of resorcinarene derivatives.
Scheme 2.68 Synthesis of the cross‐linked‐polymer‐supported ionic liquid.
Scheme 2.69 The structures of H
2
bdc, H
4
tactmb, and H
4
TBAPy.
Scheme 2.70 The structures of H
4
TCPE, H
3
tzpa, and H
4
BDPO.
Scheme 2.71 The structures of H
3
TATAB,
L
‐glutamic acid, H12L, and H
6
CPB.
Scheme 2.72 Schematic of the synthesis of bifunctional catalyst TBB‐Bpy@Sale...
Scheme 2.73 Synthesis of Al–CPOP.
Scheme 2.74 Synthesis of Al–POP, Al–iPOP‐1, and Al–iPOP‐2.
Scheme 2.75 Synthesis of Mg‐por/pho@POP.
Scheme 2.76 Synthesis route to SYSU‐Zn, SYSU‐Zn@IL1, and SYSU‐Zn@IL2.
Scheme 2.77 The structures of TCPP, TPyP, and H
2
OBA.
Scheme 2.78 Preparation of [Sn
IV
(TNH
2
PP)OTf
2
]/CM‐MIL‐101 catalyst.
Scheme 2.79 Fabrication procedure of self‐assembled MOF‐supported IL heterog...
Scheme 2.80 Reactions of polyalcohols and CO
2
to form cyclic carbonates.
Scheme 2.81 Reactions of olefins and CO
2
with two‐step to form cyclic carbon...
Scheme 2.82 The illustration of reactions about olefins and CO
2
with Au/CNT‐...
Scheme 2.83 Reactions of olefins and CO
2
direct synthesis of cyclic carbonat...
Scheme 2.84 (a, b) Organocatalytic formylation of amines with CO
2
using sila...
Scheme 2.85 Ru‐catalyzed methylation of amines with CO
2
using H
2
as the redu...
Scheme 2.86 Formylation of amines and CO
2
.
Scheme 2.87 Reaction of propargyl alcohols and CO
2
to form cyclic carbonate....
Scheme 2.88 The synthetic route of the catalyst FeDOPACu.
Scheme 2.89 Coupling reaction of amine, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic termina...
Scheme 2.90 Reaction of propargyl amines and CO
2
to form 2‐oxazolidinones.
Scheme 2.91 Schematic illustration of the synthesis for KCC‐1/Salen/Ru(II)NP...
Scheme 2.92 Reactions of aromatic halides and CO
2
to aromatic aldehydes.
Scheme 2.93 Synthesis of SNP–NH
2
/Pd(0).
Scheme 2.94 Reactions of aromatic halides and CO
2
to benzyl alcohols.
Scheme 2.95 Carboxylative Stille coupling reaction with three components....
Scheme 2.96 Illustration of carboxylative Stille coupling reaction.
Scheme 2.97 Reactions of 2‐aminobenzonitriles and CO
2
to form quinazoline‐2,...
Chapter 3
Scheme 3.1 Rh‐catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of aryl halides with aldeh...
Scheme 3.2 Rh‐catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of aryl halides with aldeh...
Scheme 3.3 Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric carbonylative cyclization of aryl halides...
Scheme 3.4 Pd‐catalyzed reductive carbonylations and alkoxycarbonylations of...
Scheme 3.5 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation for the synthesis of benzoxazinones....
Scheme 3.6 Reactions of phenylhydrazine with various esters.
Scheme 3.7 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation for the synthesis of 2‐aroylbenzofuran...
Scheme 3.8 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation for the synthesis of fluoren‐9‐ones an...
Scheme 3.9 Carbonylation of alkenes with formaldehyde as CO surrogates.
Scheme 3.10 Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of alkenens using PFA as syngas eq...
Scheme 3.11 Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylations of olefins with paraformaldehyde....
Scheme 3.12 Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐hexenes and allyl alcohols us...
Scheme 3.13 Rh‐catalyzed highly linear‐selective hydroformylation of alkenes...
Scheme 3.14 Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation using PFA under microwave irradiat...
Scheme 3.15 Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation using PFA under hydrogen pressure....
Scheme 3.16 Enantioselective Rh(I)‐catalyzed HCHO‐involved hydroformylation ...
Scheme 3.17 Ru‐catalyzed alkoxylcarbonylation of alkenes and alcohols.
Scheme 3.18 Ru‐catalyzed alkoxylcarbonylation of alkenes and alcohols. Sourc...
Scheme 3.19 Ru‐catalyzed alkoxylcarbonylation of alkenes and alcohols.
Scheme 3.20 Rh‐catalyzed carbonylation of alkynes.
Scheme 3.21 Rh‐catalyzed cyclohydrocarbonylation reaction of alkynes with fo...
Scheme 3.22 Rh‐catalyzed preparation of indenone derivatives.
Scheme 3.23 Rh‐catalyzed carbonylative arylation of alkynes and boronic acid...
Scheme 3.24 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxylation–carboxylation of biphenyl with formic...
Scheme 3.25 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of arenes with formic acid....
Scheme 3.26 Carbonylation of alkenes with formic acid as CO surrogates.
Scheme 3.27 Ru‐catalyzed hydroesterification of olefins, alcohols with sodiu...
Scheme 3.28 Pd‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of olefins with HCOOH and HCOOPh...
Scheme 3.29 Pd‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation and hydroformylation of olefins ...
Scheme 3.30 Pd‐catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
Scheme 3.31 Bromoformates and iodoformates were synthesized by ZnAl–BrO
3
–LDH...
Scheme 3.32 Pd/Ir‐catalyzed selective transformation of allylbenzenes.
Scheme 3.33 Hydroformylation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by [Rub‐cymene)(P...
Scheme 3.34 Ru‐catalyzed hydroformylation of terminal alkynes.
Scheme 3.35 Pd‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of olefins with HCOOH and Ac
2
O....
Scheme 3.36 Ni‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of olefins with HCOOH and Piv
2
O....
Scheme 3.37 Formylation from formic acid and amines.
Scheme 3.38 N‐Formylation of amines catalyzed by Zn‐based catalysts.
Scheme 3.39 N‐Formylation of amines using nano‐MgO.
Scheme 3.40 HClO
4
–SiO
2
‐catalyzed N‐formylation of amines.
Scheme 3.41 N‐Formylation of amines catalyzed by [PVP‐SO
3
H] HSO
4
.
Scheme 3.42 N‐Formylation of amines catalyzed by Amberlite IR‐120.
Scheme 3.43 Formylation of amines by formic acid with magnetic catalysts....
Scheme 3.44 N‐Formylation of amines catalyzed by natrolite zeolite.
Scheme 3.45 N‐Formylation catalyzed by N‐substituted imidazolium trifluoroac...
Scheme 3.46 [TBD][TFA] as a catalyst for N‐formylation of amines.
Scheme 3.47 Preparation of the Na
+
–MMT–[pmim]HSO
4
.
Scheme 3.48 Preparation of the Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
‐IL.
Scheme 3.49 I
2
‐catalyzed N‐formylation of amines.
Scheme 3.50 Preparation of the acidic ionic liquid supported on RHA(RHA‐[pmi...
Scheme 3.51 N‐Formylation of amines using RHA–SO
3
H.
Scheme 3.52 N‐Formylation of amines in the presence of NH
2
‐MIL‐53(Al).
Scheme 3.53 N‐Formylation of amines in the presence of sulfated polyborate....
Scheme 3.54 Pd‐catalyzed transfer carbonylation of aryl halides or triflates...
Scheme 3.55 Synthesis of carboxylic acids from halides and lithium formate....
Scheme 3.56 Hydroxycarbonylation of aryl and vinyl bromides.
Scheme 3.57 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of aryl halides using potassiu...
Scheme 3.58 Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl halides using formic acid....
Scheme 3.59 Palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides.
Scheme 3.60 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of aryl halides.
Scheme 3.61 Substrate testing for the Pd‐catalyzed synthesis of aryl formate...
Scheme 3.62 Synthesis of benzofuran‐2(3
H
)‐ones from 1‐naphthol and aldehydes...
Scheme 3.63 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxylation–carboxylation of biphenyl with HCOOH....
Scheme 3.64 Pd‐catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of arenes with HCOOH.
Scheme 3.65 Catalytic Pauson–Khand‐type reaction of enyne in the presence of...
Scheme 3.66 Hydrogenolysis of tertiary allylicamines with FA.
Scheme 3.67 Au–TiO
2
–R‐catalyzed reduction or reductive formylation of quinol...
Chapter 4
Scheme 4.1 Carbonylation utilizing Mo(CO)
6
.
Scheme 4.2 Palladium(0)‐catalyzed amino carbonylation reaction in a bridged ...
Scheme 4.3 Pd‐catalyzed, Mo(CO)
6
‐mediated carbonylative coupling of 2′‐bromo...
Scheme 4.4 Pd‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylative C–H activation.
Scheme 4.5 Ru‐catalyzed hydroesterification by using methyl formate.
Scheme 4.6 Hydroesterification of various alkenes with 2-pyridyl-containing ...
Scheme 4.7 Ru‐catalyzed hydroesterification of alkenes and formates using im...
Scheme 4.8 Hydroesterification of olefins and formats in present of Ru
3
(CO)
1
...
Scheme 4.9 Carbonylation of various substrates under the optimum reaction co...
Scheme 4.10 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation using 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl formate a...
Scheme 4.11 A one‐pot tandem reaction involving olefin isomerization and hyd...
Scheme 4.12 Carbonylative couplingreactions using aryl formates.
Scheme 4.13 Pd‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation by using methyl formate.
Scheme 4.14 Aminocarbonylation of aryl and alkenyl iodide with
N
,
N
‐dimethylf...
Scheme 4.15 Aminocarbonylation with DMF as a source of CO and dimethylamine....
Scheme 4.16 Synthesis of quinazolinones using DMF.
Scheme 4.17 DMF as CO source in Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation.
Scheme 4.18 Pd‐catalyzed hydrocarbonylation using a mixed anhydride as the s...
Scheme 4.19 Decarbonylation of silacarboxylic acids using potassium fluoride...
Scheme 4.20 Carbonylative coupling using MePh
2
SiCO
2
H as the CO.
Scheme 4.21 Ru‐catalyzed hydroamidation by using formanilide.
Scheme 4.22 Ru‐catalyzed hydroamidation by using formamide.
Scheme 4.23 Pd‐catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl bromides, iodides, ...
Scheme 4.24 Optimization of the methoxycarbonylation of styrene.
Scheme 4.25 Crossover of CO in sealed two‐chamber system.
Scheme 4.26 Palladium‐catalyzed decarbonylation with a stable and solid acid...
Scheme 4.27 Oxalyl chloride as substitute of CO in the palladium‐catalyzed c...
Scheme 4.28 Methanol decarbonylation.
Scheme 4.29 Alkene hydroesterification reactions using methanol as CO and H
2
Scheme 4.30 Rh‐catalyzed synthesis of dialkyl ketones from methanol and alke...
Scheme 4.31 Ir‐catalyzed reactions of alkene with methanol.
Scheme 4.32 Pd‐catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of alkenes with paraformaldehy...
Scheme 4.33 Ir‐catalyzed decarbonylation of glycerol.
Scheme 4.34 Employing different alcohols as nucleophiles.
Scheme 4.35 Main routes for the aqueous‐phase transformation of glycerol int...
Scheme 4.36 Transfer of H
2
and CO from polyols to alkenes.
Scheme 4.37 One‐pot synthesis of prochiral aminoketones and
N
‐formamide with...
Scheme 4.38 One‐pot synthesis of glycolic acid, formamides, and formats with...
Scheme 4.39 Cyclocarbonylation of enynes with carbon monoxide.
Scheme 4.40 Cyclocarbonylation of variety of enynes using aldose derivatives...
Scheme 4.41 Carbonylative esterification strategy employing Meinwald rearran...
Scheme 4.42 Lactonization of various 2‐bromoaryl alcohol.
Scheme 4.43 Lactonization using styrene and
meta
‐chloroperbenzoic acid (
m
CPB...
Scheme 4.44 Intramolecular cyclization of 2‐bromobenzamide with oxirane.
Scheme 4.45 Iron‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of aryl hal...
Scheme 4.46 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of organic halides using CHCl
3
as CO ...
Scheme 4.47 Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of diaryliodonium salts by chloroform...
Scheme 4.48 Pd‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation reaction using chloroform as CO ...
Scheme 4.49 Aminocarbonylation of amines with iodobenzene.
Scheme 4.50 Reaction of aryliodides with ethynyl benzene.
Scheme 4.51 Pd‐catalyzed N
‐
arylation of sulfoximines with aryl halides...
Scheme 4.52 C‐3 aminocarbonylation of halo‐substituted 7‐azaindoles using ch...
Scheme 4.53 Carbonylation of imidazopyridines.
Scheme 4.54 Pd/C‐catalyzed domino‐type reaction for synthesis of urea.
Scheme 4.55 Fe‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of aryl halid...
Scheme 4.56 Reaction of various amines with Me
2
Zn and CHCl
3
.
Chapter 5
Scheme 5.1 (a) Acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of
o
‐benzamido‐
N
,
N
‐dicyclohexylbenz...
Scheme 5.2 Homoallylic intermediates of types VIII and IX.
Scheme 5.3 Mechanism of acid‐catalyzed decomposition of DDM.
Scheme 5.4 Proposed ESDPT mechanism of (a) the 7AI dimmer and (b) adenines/c...
Scheme 5.5 The three possible mechanisms in the alanine‐mediated aldol react...
Scheme 5.6 Synthesis of aromatase inhibitor‐type compounds
2
via three‐compo...
Scheme 5.7 Transformations of aza‐Friedel–Crafts product.
Scheme 5.8 Benzoic acid and thiourea co‐catalysis in the enantioselective pr...
Scheme 5.9 Halonium initiated electrophilic cascades of 1‐alkenoylcyclopropa...
Scheme 5.10 5‐Amino‐3(2
H
)‐furanones synthesized by carboxylic acid‐catalyzed...
Scheme 5.11 Asymmetric inverse‐electron‐demand (IED) 1,3‐DC of
C
,
N
‐cyclic az...
Scheme 5.12 Chiral diol and 2‐boronobenzoic acid catalyze asymmetric
trans
‐a...
Scheme 5.13 Cyclopentadiene‐based chiral carboxylic acid‐catalyzed enantiose...
Scheme 5.14 The simplified pathway of the catalyzed reaction of triethylbora...
Scheme 5.15 Carboxylic acid‐catalyzed direct hydroboration of alkynes with p...
Scheme 5.16 Anthraquinone‐2‐carboxylic acid as the photo‐organocatalyst cata...
Scheme 5.17 Reaction scheme for the formation of surface complexes during NO...
Scheme 5.18 The transfer and conversion process of oxygen atoms on graphene ...
Scheme 5.19 Weak‐acid sites of post‐synthetically surface‐functionalized mes...
Scheme 5.20 Functionalization of nanoporous carbon material MSC‐30‐catalyzed...
Scheme 5.21 Schematic representation of the
E‐Carbon
system. HC, xylan...
Scheme 5.22 The preparation of carbon catalysts bearing only weakly acidic –...
Chapter 6
Scheme 6.1 Ethylbenzene (EB) dehydrogenation activity of nanodiamond. (a) Lo...
Scheme 6.2 Proposed reaction pathway for ethylbenzene (EB) ODH on ketonic ca...
Scheme 6.3 A schematic representation of the potential energy surface for th...
Scheme 6.4 Improving the alkene selectivity of nanocarbon‐catalyzed ODH of
n
Scheme 6.5 Schematic representation of the ODH of isobutene by dicarbonyl gr...
Scheme 6.6 Correlation between isobutene yield and the amounts of carbonyl–q...
Scheme 6.7 (a) Schematic reaction cycle of the ODHP reaction using carbonyl ...
Scheme 6.8 Polycatalysts synthesized. PMI, polymaleimide; PMMI, poly‐
N
‐methy...
Scheme 6.9 Aldehyde‐catalyzed transition metal‐free dehydrative β‐C‐alkylati...
Scheme 6.10 Catalyst‐free autocatalyzed dehydrative α‐alkylation reactions o...
Scheme 6.11 Aldehyde/ketone‐catalyzed high selective 9‐monoalkylation of flu...
Scheme 6.12 Aldehyde‐catalyzed dehydrative N‐alkylation.
Scheme 6.13 Alcohol amination reactions mechanism.
Scheme 6.14 Carbon‐based materials as catalysts for alcohol amination via th...
Chapter 7
Scheme 7.1 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols.
Scheme 7.2 Silane reductions of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols in acidic ...
Scheme 7.3 Photoreduction of ketones and aldehydes to alcohols with H
2
Se....
Scheme 7.4 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones with DIBAL–OR.
Scheme 7.5 Reduction of diketones and oxo aldehydes to alcohols by an aqueou...
Scheme 7.6 Ball milling solvent‐free reduction of carbonyl compounds via sod...
Scheme 7.7 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols with ammonia boran...
Scheme 7.8 Selective reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols.
Scheme 7.9 Reduction of carboxylic acids to corresponding alcohols mediated ...
Scheme 7.10 Solvent‐free reduction of carboxylic acids with NaBH
4
promoted b...
Scheme 7.11 Reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols using four different h...
Scheme 7.12 Selective reduction of carboxylic acids to aldehydes using amino...
Scheme 7.13 Palladium‐catalyzed reduction of carboxylic acids to aldehydes w...
Scheme 7.14 One‐pot synthesis of α‐amino aldehydes using CDI and DIBAL‐H....
Scheme 7.15 The reduction of esters to alcohols by Cp
2
TiCl
2
‐catalyzed Grigna...
Scheme 7.16 Titanium‐catalyzed reduction of esters to alcohols.
Scheme 7.17 Reduction of carboxylic esters to alcohols under the catalysis o...
Scheme 7.18 Pd/C catalyzed reduction of carboxylic ester to ethers.
Scheme 7.19 Reduction of amides to amines.
Scheme 7.20 NaBH
4
as the reducing agent for reduction of amides to amines....
Scheme 7.21 Reduction of carboxylic amides to corresponding amines by NaBH
4
‐...
Scheme 7.22 Ir‐catalyzed reduction of amides to amines.
Scheme 7.23 Reduction of amides to amines by aromatic boric acid.
Scheme 7.24 Magnesium‐catalyzed amide deoxygenation via hydroboration.
Scheme 7.25 Synthesis of amines from amide via (
i
‐Bu)
2
AlBH
4
.
Scheme 7.26 General reaction equation of Clemmensen reduction.
Scheme 7.27 Clemmesen reduction as an important step for the synthesis of 5‐
Scheme 7.28 General reaction equation of Wolff–Kishner reduction.
Scheme 7.29 Modification of Wolff–Kishner reduction.
Scheme 7.30 Huang‐Minlon modification of Wolff–Kishner reduction.
Scheme 7.31 Wolff–Kishner reduction of sterically hindered carbonyl groups....
Scheme 7.32 Wolff–Kishner reduction in kilogram scale.
Scheme 7.33 Nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones by Grign...
Scheme 7.34 Synthesis of (−)‐Lochneridine via nucleophilic addition reaction...
Scheme 7.35 General reaction equation of Reformatsky reaction.
Scheme 7.36 Reformatsky reaction for the synthesis of C(16), C(18)‐bis‐
epi
‐c...
Scheme 7.37 General reaction equation of benzoin condensation.
Scheme 7.38 Retro‐benzoin condensation for the synthesis of ketones.
Scheme 7.39 Nucleophilic addition of CN anion to acetone.
Scheme 7.40 Rh(III)‐catalyzed arene C–H bond addition to electron‐deficient ...
Scheme 7.41 Mn‐catalyzed arene C−H addition to aldehydes followed by silylat...
Scheme 7.42 Pd‐catalyzed nucleophilic additions of heteroarenes to isatins....
Scheme 7.43 Ru(II)‐ or Rh(III)‐catalyzed C–H additions of
N
‐pyrimidyl indoli...
Scheme 7.44 Cu‐catalyzed addition of 2‐alkylazaarenes to ethyl glyoxylate....
Scheme 7.45 Yb(OTf)
3
‐catalyzed addition of 2‐alkylazaarenes with trifluorome...
Scheme 7.46 Addition of 2‐methylazaarenes to simple aldehydes using LiNTf
2
....
Scheme 7.47 Nucleophilic addition of amines to aldehydes or ketones.
Scheme 7.48 Nucleophilic addition of
azo
compounds to aldehydes or ketones....
Scheme 7.49 Nucleophilic addition of hydroxylamine to aldehydes or ketones....
Scheme 7.50 Water as nucleophile for the addition of aldehydes or ketones.
Scheme 7.51 Alcohols as nucleophile for the addition of aldehyde or ketones....
Scheme 7.52 General reaction equation of aldol condensation.
Scheme 7.53 Application of aldol reaction for the synthesis of Rhizoxin D in...
Scheme 7.54 Application of aldol reaction for the synthesis of fostriecin in...
Scheme 7.55 General reaction equation of Perkin reaction.
Scheme 7.56 Synthesis of (
Z
)‐combretastatin A‐4.
Scheme 7.57 Synthesis of ebalzotan (NAE‐086).
Scheme 7.58 General reaction equation of Knoevenagel condensation.
Scheme 7.59 Synthesis of hirsutine.
Scheme 7.60 Synthesis of (
+
)‐leporin A.
Scheme 7.61 General reaction equation of aldehydes and ketones to acids.
Scheme 7.62 Synthesis of C1‐methyl glucitol derivatives.
Scheme 7.63 Synthesis of testololactone.
Scheme 7.64 Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids by KMnO
4
.
Scheme 7.65 Oxone as an oxidant for the conversion of aldehydes to acids....
Scheme 7.66 Silver(I)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of an aldehyde.
Scheme 7.67 Fe(III)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes to the correspo...
Scheme 7.68
N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes to...
Scheme 7.69 General reaction equation of Wittig reaction.
Scheme 7.70 Wittig reaction for the synthesis of methylene derivatives.
Scheme 7.71 Tandem
aza
‐Wittig/intramolecular cyclization.
Scheme 7.72 Reductive amination of aldehydes and amines under NaBH(OAc)
3
.
Scheme 7.73 Combination of silica gel and zinc borohydride for one‐pot reduc...
Scheme 7.74 Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with Rh(I) catalyst...
Scheme 7.75 Combination of phenylsilane and dibutyltin dichloride for reduct...
Scheme 7.76 Reductive amination using KCO
2
K as reductant and Pd(OAc)
2
as cat...
Scheme 7.77 Reductive amination of functionalized aldehydes and ketones with...
Scheme 7.78 ZrCl
4
/HEH‐mediated reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones ...
Scheme 7.79 Electrocatalytic reductive amination to tertiary amines.
Scheme 7.80 Ru‐catalyzed direct asymmetric reductive amination of ketones wi...
Scheme 7.81 Regeneration of poly‐2,4‐ionene borohydride.
Scheme 7.82 Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with amines using N...
Scheme 7.83 Reductive amination of benzaldehydes with ammonia.
Scheme 7.84 Reductive amination of carbonyl compounds using triethylsilane a...
Scheme 7.85 Co
2
Rh
2
nanoparticles/charcoal‐catalyzed reductive amination.
Scheme 7.86 Reductive amination of benzaldehyde with aromatic amines catalyz...
Scheme 7.87 Direct conversion of cellulose to ETA via reductive amination....
Scheme 7.88 Reductive amination using MOF‐derived cobalt nanoparticles.
Scheme 7.89 Oxygen‐induced hydroboration of organoboranes with α,β‐unsaturat...
Scheme 7.90 Catalytic hydroboration of aldehydes.
Scheme 7.91 Hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones using magnesium alkyl com...
Scheme 7.92 Hydroboration of carbonyl compounds by copper carbine catalysis....
Scheme 7.93 Fe‐catalyzed hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones.
Scheme 7.94 Co‐catalyzed hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones.
Scheme 7.95 Hydroboration of various aldehydes and ketones using NaOH as cat...
Scheme 7.96 Hydroboration of various aldehydes and ketones using
n
‐BuLi as c...
Scheme 7.97 Synthesis of α
‐
hydroxy phosphonates from various aldehydes...
Scheme 7.98 Hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and unactivated ketones via la...
Scheme 7.99 Hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by Sm co...
Scheme 7.100 Hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by
n
‐Bu...
Scheme 7.101 Hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by [Ph
3
P(CuH...
Scheme 7.102 Hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by Ni PCP–pi...
Scheme 7.103 Ru‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones and aldehydes.
Scheme 7.104 Pd‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of aryl ketones and aldehydes.
Scheme 7.105 Iron‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of ketones.
Scheme 7.106 Hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by zinc hydr...
Scheme 7.107 NHC‐catalyzed hydroacylation of activated ketones.
Scheme 7.108 Rh‐catalyzed enantioselective hydroacylation of ketones.
Scheme 7.109 Enantioselective hydroacylation of 1,5‐keto alcohols.
Scheme 7.110 Enantioselective intramolecular hydroacylation of ketone with o...
Scheme 7.111 Co‐catalyzed intermolecular hydroacylation of aldehydes.
Scheme 7.112 MnO
2
as an oxidant for the oxidative coupling of α‐substituted ...
Scheme 7.113 Synthesis of aryl α
‐
ketoamides via a coupling of an aroma...
Scheme 7.114 Pd‐catalyzed oxidative cross‐coupling reaction of aldehydes....
Scheme 7.115 Cu‐catalyzed oxidative esterification of aldehydes with alkylbe...
Scheme 7.116 Rh(III)‐amine dual catalysis for the oxidative coupling of alde...
Scheme 7.117 Oxidative coupling reaction of aldehydes with
N
,
N
′‐disubstitute...
Scheme 7.118 Oxidative coupling of styrene derivatives with aldehydes.
Scheme 7.119 Cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of aldehydes with
N
‐hydroxyphtha...
Scheme 7.120 Synthesis of amides by aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols o...
Scheme 7.121 Oxidative coupling of aldehydes with methanol to produce methyl...
Scheme 7.122 The oxidative coupling of pyrrolidine and phenylglyoxal using C...
Scheme 7.123 The oxidative coupling of styrenes with benzaldehydes catalyzed...
Scheme 7.124 Oxidative coupling of amines and aldehydes catalyzed by Fe‐Fe
3
C...
Scheme 7.125 Fe‐catalyzed reductive coupling of aromatic aldehydes.
Scheme 7.126 Conversion of aromatic aldehydes to 1,2‐diols using TiCl
4
/Et
3
N....
Scheme 7.127 Reductive coupling of aromatic aldehydes and ketones in sunligh...
Scheme 7.128 Ni‐catalyzed reductive couplings of aldehydes and alkynes.
Scheme 7.129 Rh‐catalyzed reductive coupling of cyclopent‐2‐enone and aromat...
Scheme 7.130 Synthesis of
p
‐PPV‐2 through reductive coupling of aldehyde....
Scheme 7.131 Reductive coupling of aldehydes with 4‐vinylpyridine catalyzed ...
Scheme 7.132 Metal‐free reductive coupling reaction of aldehydes with 1,1‐di...
Scheme 7.133 Reductive coupling of primary amine and aldehyde with CO
2
/H
2
....
Scheme 7.134 Photoredox Ni‐catalyzed branch‐selective reductive coupling of ...
Scheme 7.135 Esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols.
Scheme 7.136 Amidation of carboxylic acids.
Scheme 7.137 Amidation of aromatic acids.
Scheme 7.138 Synthesis of amide.
Scheme 7.139 The classic Kolbe reaction: electronic chemical decarboxylative...
Scheme 7.140 Decarboxylation Heck reactions using a silver salt as an oxidan...
Scheme 7.141 Biaryl synthesis with excess copper and catalytic copper.
Scheme 7.142 Cu‐catalyzed decarboxylative alkynylation.
Scheme 7.143 Pd‐catalyzed decarbonylative C−H arylation with acylperoxides a...
Scheme 7.144 Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of ortho‐substituted aryl...
Scheme 7.145 Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative acylation between anilides and α
‐
...
Scheme 7.146 Decarboxylative cross‐coupling of foramides and α
‐
oxocarb...
Scheme 7.147 Ru‐catalyzed visible‐light‐induced decarboxylative amidation of...
Scheme 7.148 Selective Ni‐ and Mn‐catalyzed decarboxylative cross‐coupling o...
Scheme 7.149 Ag‐catalyzed C−H arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 7.150 Visible‐light‐mediated decarboxylative alkynylation reaction ca...
Scheme 7.151 Cu/Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative arylation of aromatic acids wit...
Scheme 7.152 Decarboxylative alkylation using Eosin Y and visible light.
Scheme 7.153 Synthesis of gem‐difluoromethylenated phenanthridines.
Scheme 7.154 Photocatalytic decarboxylative alkylation mediated by PPh
3
and ...
Scheme 7.155 Ni‐catalyzed decarboxylative conjunctive cross‐coupling.
Scheme 7.156 Hydrolysis of esters under acid condition.
Scheme 7.157 Hydrolysis of methyl benzoate under base condition.
Scheme 7.158 Basic hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol.
Scheme 7.159 Transesterification reaction.
Scheme 7.160 Mechanism of aspirin for inhibition of fever.
Scheme 7.161 Aminolysis reaction.
Scheme 7.162 Hydrolysis of amides.
Scheme 7.163 Alcoholysis reaction of amides.
Scheme 7.164 Mechanism of penicillin for the inhibition of bacterium.
Chapter 8
Scheme 8.1 Common polymer linkages (a: amide; b: ester; c: urethane; d: urea...
Scheme 8.2 Direct formation of amide linkage.
Scheme 8.3 Hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.
Scheme 8.4 Growth by transamidation in PA 6.
Scheme 8.5 Melting points and glass transition temperatures of TPA‐based pol...
Scheme 8.6 (a) Phenolic rings as nucleophilic centers at acidic condition; (...
Scheme 8.7 Resols are obtained with alkaline catalysis and an excess of form...
Scheme 8.8 Schematic representation of the reaction of a diisocyanate and a ...
Scheme 8.9 Common isocyanates.
Scheme 8.10 Two synthetic pathways for the preparation of liquid crystalline...
Scheme 8.11 Schemes for the PET polymerization process.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Carbonyl compounds as the molecules bridging reactants, catalysts...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
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Carbonyl Compounds
Reactants, Catalysts and Products
Feng Shi
Hongli Wang
Xingchao Dai
