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Cover
Title Page
Foreword
Preface
1 Introduction
1. 1.1 Geological Characteristics of Unconsolidated Heavy Oil Sandstone Reservoirs
2. 1.2 Development Technologies Management of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs
2 Sand Production Mechanism and Changes of Rock Properties Affected by Sand Production
1. 2.1 Sand Production Mechanism and the Factors Affecting Sand Production
2. 2.2 Changes of Formation Properties due to Sand Production
3 Sand Production Rate Prediction and Productivity Index Appraisal
1. 3.1 Evolvement of Sand Production Rate Prediction Method
2. 3.2 Sand Production Rate Prediction by Using Fluid–Solid Coupling Model
3. 3.3 Productivity Appraisal Methods of Wells Producing with Sands
4. 3.4 Cases of Increasing Production Rate by Allowing Sand Production
4 Well Completion Approaches of Sanding Management
1. 4.1 Methods of Excluding Sand Production
2. 4.2 Design of Sand Exclusion Parameters
3. 4.3 Physical Simulation of Evaluating Sand Control Results
5 Sand Carrying in Wellbore and Surface Treatment of Produced Sands
1. 5.1 Critical Flowing Velocity of Carrying Sand in Wellbore when Producing with Sands
2. 5.2 Techniques of Artificial Lift and Production Optimization When Producing with Sands
3. 5.3 Surface Treatment of Produced Crude with Sand Particles
6 Sand Production Management in Heavy Oilfields in Bohai Bay
1. 6.1 Core Technologies of Sand Production Management
2. 6.2 Implementation Workflow of Sand Production Management
3. 6.3 Application of Sand Production Management in Oilfields of Bohai Bay
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1-1 Sedimentary Facies and Tectonic Features of Typical Unconsolidated Sandstone Heavy Oil Reservoirs
2. Table 1-2 Relationship between Cement Content and Cementation Degree
3. Table 1-3 Cementing Situation of Some Unconsolidated Sandstone Heavy Oil Reservoirs
4. Table 1-4 Components of Heavy Oil
5. Table 1-5 Trial Standard of Heavy Oil Categories in China’s Petroleum Industry
6. Table 1-6 Original Reservoir Pressure and Solution Gas–Oil Ratio (GOR) of Some Heavy Oil Reservoirs
7. Table 1-7 Comparison of Excluding Sand, Sand Production Management, and CHOPS
8. Table 1-8 Structure and Function of Varied Sand Filters
Chapter 02
1. Table 2-1 Permeability Change after Producing 1% Sand of Different Size Ranges
2. Table 2-2 Statistics of Influence of Cumulative Sand Production of Different Particle Sizes on Permeability
3. Table 2-3 Statistics of Influence of Different Sand Production Rates on Pore Structure
Chapter 03
1. Table 3-1 Basic Parameters Used for Calculation
2. Table 3-2 Drawdown Control Point
Chapter 04
1. Table 4-1 Particle Size Eigenvalues of Experimental Sands
2. Table 4-2 Experimental Data of Sand Production Simulation Using Metal Mesh Premium Screen (Experimental Sand d₅₀ = 170.1 μm)
3. Table 4-3 Particle Size Eigenvalues of Experimental Sands
4. Table 4-4 Experimental Data of Sand Production Simulation Using Metal Mesh Premium Screen (Experimental Sand d₅₀ = 220 μm)
Chapter 05
1. Table 5-1 Calculation Method of the Values of n and f_w
2. Table 5-2 Shape Factors of Sand Particles
3. Table 5-3 Summary of Sand-Carrying Flowing Pattern Experiments
4. Table 5-4 Discharging Standards of Offshore Petroleum Production
Chapter 06
1. Table 6-1 UCS Prediction Result of Well LD 5-2-1
2. Table 6-2 Development Appraisal of Sand Production Management in LD 5-2 Oilfield
3. Table 6-3 Aperture Sizes of Sand Exclusion Screens for Well LD 5-2-1 Using Different Approaches
4. Table 6-4 Required Aperture Size of Different Sand Concentration in Tubing
5. Table 6-5 Critical Sand-Carrying Production Rates with 73-mm Tubing
6. Table 6-6 Critical Sand-Carrying Production Rate with 88.9-mm Tubing
7. Table 6-7 Critical Sand-Carrying Production Rate with 177.8-mm Casing

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1-1 SEM photographs of typical pores of unconsolidated sandstone pay.
2. Figure 1-2 Curves of flowing rate of formation crude through sandstone samples with (a) mobility and (b) seepage velocity. (Cited from Sun Jianping, 2005.)
3. Figure 1-3 Diagram of producing process allowing limited sand production.
4. Figure 1-4 Treatment of produced sands.
5. Figure 1-5 Diagram of sand exclusion by using sand filters.
6. Figure 1-6 Diagram of screen and gravel packing sand controlling. (a) Gravel pack completion. (b) Gravel pack inside casing.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2-1 Experiment equipment to observe the influence of sand production on permeability.
2. Figure 2-2 Influence of different sand production rates on permeability.
3. Figure 2-3 Average value of permeability change after producing sands of 1% w/w of different sizes.
4. Figure 2-4 Average value of permeability change after producing sands of 2% w/w of different sized particles.
5. Figure 2-5 Comparison of permeability change after producing different sizes of sands.
6. Figure 2-6 Influence of sand production of different particle sizes on permeability changes.
7. Figure 2-7 Experimental equipment of analyzing influence of sand production on pore structure.
8. Figure 2-8 Relationship between permeability and porosity.
9. Figure 2-9 Relationship between permeability and maximum pore-throat radius.
10. Figure 2-10 Relationship between permeability and median radius.
11. Figure 2-11 Relationship between permeability and average pore-throat radius.
12. Figure 2-12 Relationship between permeability and efficiency of mercury withdrawal.
13. Figure 2-13 Relationship between permeability and homogeneity coefficient.
14. Figure 2-14 Distribution of throats after producing different volumetric sands at interval of 991.60 m of well NB35-2-2.
15. Figure 2-15 Distribution of throats after producing different volumetric sands at interval of 1000.90 m of well NB35-2-2.
16. Figure 2-16 Relationship between initial permeability and increment of permeability.
17. Figure 2-17 Distribution of average throat before and after producing different volumetric sands.
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3-1 Diagram of zones of sand production in formation.
2. Figure 3-2 Axial computed tomography scan of wormholes (longitudinal section).
3. Figure 3-3 Liquid–solid coupling process of sand production in formation.
4. Figure 3-4 Diagram of sand production. K_i is the initial formation permeability, and K_s is the permeability of the sanding zone.
5. Figure 3-5 Sand production mechanism of erosion model and denudation model.
6. Figure 3-6 Profile and cross section of sand production channels, plastic zone, and elastic zone.
7. Figure 3-7 Diagram of wormhole network.
8. Figure 3-8 Calculation workflow of coupling model of sanding channels.
9. Figure 3-9 Extending diagram of sanding zone over time (t₁ < t₂ < t₃).
10. Figure 3-10 Relationship between radius of plastic yielding zone and production time/well drawdown.
11. Figure 3-11 Illustration of skin factor model.
12. Figure 3-12 Illustration of improved permeability model.
13. Figure 3-13 Diagram of equivalent wellbore model of sanding tunnels.
14. Figure 3-14 Workflow of solving process.
15. Figure 3-15 Bottom hole flowing pressure control of wells with limited sand production.
16. Figure 3-16 Length changes of sanding disturbed zone.
17. Figure 3-17 Changes of oil production rate.
18. Figure 3-18 Changes of sand production rate.
19. Figure 3-19 Porosity distribution within sanding disturbed zone.
20. Figure 3-20 Distribution of sand production rate within sanding disturbed zone.
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4-1 Traditional theory of sand bridging.
2. Figure 4-2 Particle size analysis curve of formation sands.
3. Figure 4-3 Designing results of apertures for normal sand control models.
4. Figure 4-4 Designing result by the Markestad approach.
5. Figure 4-5 Result no.1 achieved from bridging design.
6. Figure 4-6 Result no. 2 achieved from bridging design.
7. Figure 4-7 Relationship between mesh of standard metal mesh premium screens and formation sand size range.
8. Figure 4-8 Structures of packing gravels.
9. Figure 4-9 Empirical model of gravel size selection when excluding sand production by gravel-packing in fields.
10. Figure 4-10 Experimental devices of sand exclusion.
11. Figure 4-11 Conceptual experimental devices.
12. Figure 4-12 Oil injection port.
13. Figure 4-13 Experimental result diagram of evaluating woven mesh premium screens.
14. Figure 4-14 Experimental result diagram of evaluating gravel-packing.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5-1 Forces on sand particles.
2. Figure 5-2 Experimental apparatus of sand carrying in wellbore.
3. Figure 5-3 Picture of flowing of sand particles in horizontal pipe.
4. Figure 5-4 Picture of flowing of sand particles in tilting pipe at 30°.
5. Figure 5-5 Picture of flowing of sand particles in tilting pipe at 45°.
6. Figure 5-6 Picture of flowing of sand particles in tilting pipe at 60°.
7. Figure 5-7 Picture of flowing of sand particles in tilting pipe at 75°.
8. Figure 5-8 Picture of flowing of sand particles in tilting pipe at 90°.
9. Figure 5-9 Relationship between critical sand-carrying velocity in wellbore and sand particle diameter under certain inclination of wells.
10. Figure 5-10 Interface of software to calculate critical sand-carrying velocity.
11. Figure 5-11 Relationship among critical sand-carrying velocity, well inclination, and sand concentration in tubing with inner diameter of 77.8 mm.
12. Figure 5-12 Relationship among critical sand-carrying velocity, well inclination, and sand concentration in tubing with inner diameter of 62 mm.
13. Figure 5-13 Relationship among critical sand-carrying velocity, well inclination, and sand concentration in tubing with inner diameter of 51.8 mm.
14. Figure 5-14 Diagram of production string and control configuration of surface driving PCP.
15. Figure 5-15 Diagram of production string and control configuration of electric submersible PCP.
16. Figure 5-16 Diagram of production string and control configuration of ESP (1).
17. Figure 5-17 Diagram of production string and control configuration of ESP (2).
18. Figure 5-18 Diagram of external sand concentration detector installation.
19. Figure 5-19 Well performance of a sanding well in a certain oilfield.
20. Figure 5-20 Controlling operating point of the pump and oil well by variable frequency unit and choke.
21. Figure 5-21 Desanding of oil and removing oil from produced sands in oilfields with low or medium water cut.
22. Figure 5-22 Desanding of oil and removing oil from produced sands in oilfields with high water cut.
23. Figure 5-23 Liquid–sand separating hydrocyclone used in a certain oilfield.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6-1 Sand production management patterns in Bohai oilfields.
2. Figure 6-2 Volume of sand produced per unit thickness over time at different drawdown.
3. Figure 6-3 Oil production rate per unit thickness over time at different drawdown.
4. Figure 6-4 Required aperture size and the maximum sand particle size with different sand concentration in tubing.
5. Figure 6-5 Critical production rate for safe sand carrying in 73-mm tubing with 210 mPa·s oil.
6. Figure 6-6 Critical production rate for safe sand carrying in 88.9-mm tubing with 210 mPa·s oil.
7. Figure 6-7 Critical production rate for safe sand carrying in 177.8-mm tubing with 210 mPa·s oil.

Pages

This edition first published 2016
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Zhou, Shouwei. | Sun, Fujie.
Title: Sand production management for unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs / Shouwei Zhou and Fujie Sun.
Description: Singapore : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015034588 | ISBN 9781118961896 (cloth)
Subjects: LCSH: Oil sands. | Petroleum–Prospecting. | Petroleum–Geology.
Classification: LCC TN870.54.Z46 2016 | DDC 622/.3383–dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015034588